Gateways to Positive Washback of Language Testing: A Review of the Factors that Contribute to Washback Effects

Abstract

The ways language testing influence the process and scope of language teaching and learning are generally known as washback or backwash effects. Washback may be positive or negative depending on multifarious factors. However, this study aims to identify the most effective ways to maximize the positive washback and minimize the negative washback of language testing. Drawing on a body of washback studies, this qualitative research concludes that the most vital factors that lead to positive or negative washback are related to the test types, process of test development, the ways of scoring, and socio-economic influences