CHITTAGONG INDEPENDENT UNIVERSITY (CIU)

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CIU Journal ISSN (Print): 2664-0457 ISSN (Online): 2664-0465 CIU Journal (Chittagong Independent University Journal), a double blind peer-reviewed journal, is published in hard and soft forms in December every year. However, a submission is welcomed any time of the year. CIU journal promises to an esteemed outlet for showcasing high-quality research related to all branches of contemporary knowledge – natural sciences, social sciences, liberal arts, engineering, business and law. The CIU journal is destined to advance the contemporary theoretical and empirical knowledge through publication and dissemination of innovative research articles to the scholarly community with special emphasis on Bangladesh and other emerging economies of the world. Thus, the CIU Journal is multidisciplinary in scope and is open to all research methods including qualitative, quantitative and mixed approaches. The CIU Journal publishes empirical papers, conceptual papers, review papers, case studies, research notes, practitioners’ perspectives and book reviews.

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A Critical Analysis of TRIPS: Compatibility and Limitations of Trademark Regime in Bangladesh
(CIU Journal, 2019-12-01) Mohammad Aktarul Alam Chowdhury 1, Md. Hasnath Kabir Fahim 2
In today’s global trade and business hub, trademark as one of the components of Intellectual Property (IP), is a decisive subject matter particularly to the socio-economic and technological development of a country. As such, in conjunction with other IPRs, trademark has become an international concern as the WTO member states, including Bangladesh, have the obligation to articulate their IP regime complying with the WTO Agreement on TRIPS. Consequently, Bangladesh has endorsed The Trademarks Act, in 2009 conforming the WTO Agreement on TRIPS; but this new law is not free from the criticisms of IP experts and academicians, especially in terms of standard protection and enforcement measures provided for the owner of trademark or service mark. To this context, this research is an attempt to overview the safeguards and enforcement mechanisms of trademark law in Bangladesh as well as the compatibility of Trademarks Act, 2009 with the TRIPS Agreement. This paper, thus aims to trace out the achievement and implication of the present trademark regime taking into consideration of TRIPS flexibilities. Finally, this paper concludes with some recommendations to formulate an inclusive domestic legal regime for the proprietor of trademark and service mark in Bangladesh.
A Critical Discourse Analysis of Barack Obama’s (2004) DNC Keynote Speech: Unfolding the Elements of Social Liberal Ideology
(CIU Journal, 2025-12-19) Asiqur Rahman
This paper conducts a critical discourse analysis of the linguistic manifestation of social liberal ideology in Barack Obama’s (2004) Democratic National Convention (DNC) Keynote speech. Grounded in Fairclough’s (2015) discourse theory, Beitz’s (1999) and Shypunov’s (2018) frameworks of social liberalism, as well as Martin’s (2004) positive discourse analysis, the paper examines how Obama’s speech constructs and promotes the key tenets of social liberalism – specifically individual liberty, social justice, unity, and equality – in contrast to the notions of division and inequality prevalent in the context of the USA in 2004. The study utilizes four tools of Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA): social actor analysis, metaphors, personal pronouns, and lexical analysis. Specifically, it analyzes how Obama’s (2004) strategies for representing social actors, his use of metaphors, personal pronouns, and lexical choices reflect and reinforce social liberal ideology. Major findings of this analysis reveal that the core principles of social liberalism (individual liberty and social justice) are evident in Obama’s (2004) strategies for representing social actors, his use of metaphors, personal pronouns, and lexical choices. The study contributes to a deeper understanding of how ideology is linguistically encoded and disseminated in political speeches, revealing the complex linguistic mechanisms through which political leaders articulate and promote specific ideologies. This provides valuable insights for future research on political communication and ideological framing.
A Multivariate Analysis of the Efficacy of Management Development Programs Conducted in Luxury Hotels of Bangladesh
(CIU Journal, 2022-12-01) Kazi Nazmul Huda1, Moslehuddin Chowdhury Khaled2, Tamgid Ahmed Chowdhury3
Management Development Program (MDP) has not been a serious focus in hotel industry in many countries despite their emphasis on skilled management in tourism and hospitality sector. This study aims to explore the effectiveness of the MDP in Bangladesh where tourism is a major source of employment. Data were collected from the mid-level managers of 36 star-rated luxury residential hotels. Exploratory Factor Analysis was used to identify the most effective determinants of MDP and to rank them based on their loading values. Four factors of MDP namely Organizational Development, Leadership Development, Individual Motivation, and People Management were revealed. MDP of the sample hotels were found very effective in developing self-management ability and rising moral of the employees. However, improvement of innovation and creative skills is suggested through promoting a collaborative culture. Research work on MDP is not very common in the residential hotel industry and is also rare in the tourism context of the developing country Bangladesh. This paper helps to fill the gap.
American Policy towards the Bangladesh Liberation War: A Brief Review
(CIU Journal, 2019-12-01) Mahmudul Huque 1
This paper is an attempt to analyze the United States of America’s policy towards the liberation war of Bangladesh during 1971. For doing that, this paper mainly focuses on the policy approach applied by the then two most powerful diplomats, President Richard M. Nixon and his National Security Advisor Henry A. Kissinger, of the United States of America. The information used in this paper largely comes from the documents of two volumes of the Foreign Relations of the United States (FRUS) series published by the US State Department. It was found that the Americans’ influence was very pro-Pakistani and against the split of East Pakistan because they did not want the birth of another independent state in the Soviet Union sphere. However, it failed to produce any impact on the emergence of Bangladesh as an independent state other than creating panic for a while and prolonging the war of liberation for a couple of days.
An Auteurist Assessment of Rabindranath Tagore’s Works on Screen
(CIU Journal, 2022-12-01) Shah Ahmed1
Rabindranath Tagore is and remains the most adapted author in Bengali and South Asian cinema at large. Although almost all great authors whose works are frequently adapted for cinema have been recognized in adaptation studies, the film adaptations of Tagore’s works have not been the given deserving critical attention. Through a systematic analysis of the historical documents, records and other sources that contain piecemeal information about ‘Tagore films’– some of which are on the verge of oblivion and most remain critically unexamined – this archival research attempts to revive them for critical focus and theoretical examination, and contextualise them in academia. Identifying the directors’ creative role behind critical acclaim and spectatorial acceptance, I argue that it is not the textual fidelity, but the directorial creativity that guarantees the success to adaptation of Tagore on screen. Thus, in distinguishing the adaptations works as either successful or unsuccessful from the prism of the auteur theory, the paper finally holds that filming a text arbitrarily is far from vindicating art or guaranteeing success; an exertion of the director’s esthetic exhilaration makes the films transcend the philological medium, and the film becomes a visual art. It is believed that research professionals will have fresh perspectives from this study to re-evaluate Tagore films from a wide range of critical and theoretical interests.
An Empirical Study of Volatility in Chittagong Stock Exchange
(CIU Journal, 2019-12-01) Emon Kalyan Chowdhury 1
The Main objective of this study is to exhume the nature of volatility in Chittagong Stock Exchange (CSE). It also aims to measure the impact of selective macro-economic factors on volatility. For this study, data have been collected from the websites of CSE and The World Bank from 2009 to 2018. To test the volatility and the impact of macro-economic variables, Generally Autoregressive Conditional Heteroscedasticity (GARCH) and Vector Autoregression (VAR) have been applied. The stationarity of the data has been verified with Augmented Dickey Fuller (ADF) and Phillips-Perron (PP) unit root tests. This study finds that both GARCH (1,1) and VAR models can successfully forecast the volatility movement in CSE. Although inflation, money supply, and flow of remittance have significant and positive impact on the volatility, the interest rate has negative and significant impact on volatility in CSE. It is also observed that residuals are conditionally heteroskedastic. Shocks on macro-economic variables have direct influence on volatility. Appropriate implementation of recommended policies can turn this highly potential market in to a strong platform for economic growth of this nation.
An Evaluation of Legal Education in Bangladesh
(CIU Journal, 2022-12-01) Abu Hena Mostofa Kamal1, Mazharul Islam2, Mohammad Belayet Hossain3
This paper criticizes Bangladeshi legal education and claims its failure to create court-ready practitioners. Bangladeshi law schools are expected to reform their pedagogy to better prepare students for practice, develop professionalism, and expose them to justice concerns. This article offers a candid analysis of the issues plaguing Bangladesh’s legal education system, pinpointing the specific causes of its ineffectiveness during the previous four decades. Providing ideas on how to solve these challenges and enhance the quality of legal education based on the findings of multiple surveys that were administered to students enrolled in a number of different law schools, this paper concludes that it is essential for educational institutions to modify their teaching methods in order to generate competent professionals who are able to satisfy the requirements of legal practice and advance the rule of law in society.
Application of Comparative Constitutional Law in the Constitutional Law of Bangladesh: Special Focus on Judicial Transplant
(CIU Journal, 2025-12-19) Md. Rakibul Hasan Roni
Constitutional law discourse is of significant importance in domestic law jurisprudence as well as the international realm. At the same time, comparative constitutional law adds a new dimension to the discourse. In this modern era, isolation from the influence of comparative constitutional law (CCL) is not possible. Bangladesh is gradually evolving amid this wind of change in the comparative constitutional law domain. Constitutional borrowing and constitutional transplant opened a new doorway for Bangladesh to borrow other countries’ concepts of constitutional law, which fit within our cultural relativism. From the beginning of the constitutional journey of Bangladesh, the Constitution of the People’s Republic of Bangladesh was influenced by CCL. The constituent assembly followed the current trend of CCL. Moreover, countries like Ireland, the UK, the USA, India, Pakistan, etc., influenced the shaping of the constitutional jurisprudence of Bangladesh. The evolution of concepts like Locus standi, legitimate expectation, public interest litigation, writ jurisdiction, public trust doctrine, and judicial activism helped Bangladesh establish the rule of law and provide justice to its people. However, there are practical ramifications to the abusive use of comparative constitutional law.
Book Review- Andrew Sartori, Bengal in Global Concept History: Culturalism in the Age of Capital, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2008, 288 pp., ISBN 0226734862
(CIU Journal, 2025-12-19) Calvin Gonsalves
Bengal in Global Concept History: Culturalism in the Age of Capital
Book Review: Aisling O’Sullivan, Universal Jurisdiction in International Criminal Law: The Debate and the Battle for Hegemony. New York: Routledge, 2017, 222 pp., ISBN 9781138123946
(CIU Journal, 2022-12-01) Sanjana Hoque
Book Review: Anita Shreve, The Stars Are Fire. London: Little, Brown, 2017, 322 pp., ISBN: 978 0 349 12358 5.
(CIU Journal, 2019-12-01) Ummey Haney Pinkey
Book Review: G. Tyler Miller and Scott E. Spoolman, Environmental Science 14th Edition. Brooks/Cole: Cengage Learning, 2013, 459 pp., ISBN: 13:978 1 133 10439 1.
(CIU Journal, 2018-12-01) Book Reviewed by Rahat Bari Tooheen, Aminul Islam Chowdhury
Book Review: Kate Raworth, Doughnut Economics: Seven Ways to Think Like a 21st Century Economist. London: Penguin Random House, 2017, 373 pp., ISBN: 978 1 847 94139 8.
(CIU Journal, 2019-12-01) Iffat Ishrat Khan
Book Review: Tanwi Nandini Islam, Bright Lines: A Novel
(CIU Journal, 2023-12-01) Sanjida Afrin
Book Review: Tarasankar Bandyopadhyay, The Tale of Hansuli Turn. New York: Columbia University Press, 2011, 405 pp., ISBN 9780231520225
(CIU Journal, 2021-12-01) Book Reviewed by Shah Ahmed
Corporate Social Responsibility in Higher Education Enhancing Graduate Employability Through Extracurricular Skill Development and Social Accountability.
(CIU Journal, 2025-12-19) Dr. Mohammad Faruk Hossain; Jenifer Jamal Chowdhury
This study explores the relationship between the incorporation of corporate social responsibility and extracurricular activities in tertiary institutions and graduate employability, acquisition of skills, and social responsibility. The modern literature puts an emphasis on the role of extracurricular activities in developing key competencies, which are becoming more and more desired by employers since they are the backbone of career readiness. Such activities help students improve their academic training, flexibility, and confidence, in addition to providing networking possibilities with professionals, which are likely to help them secure a job in the future. Higher education institutions have CSR programs that enhance ethical awareness, civic participation and social responsibility among learners. By having the society engaged, practicing sustainability, and being socially responsible in their research, students gain better insights into their behaviours, as well as the skills of problem-solving socially. These experiences support personal and professional development as he/she would reveal the ability to make moral decisions and positive contributions to the workplace. The study highlights the fact that students are faced with a lot of hurdles to participate in extracurricular activities and corporate social responsibility. Disadvantaged groups are unable to develop these competencies due to corporate and institutional barriers, economic inequalities and cultural limitations, thus leading to an uneven career advancement. The research suggests that Higher education institutions should implement institutional policies and frameworks of structured extracurricular activities and corporate social responsibility in their pedagogical frameworks to improve universal access through employer-community relations. Future scholars need to undertake additional cross-cultural studies to establish the effects of such activities on employability at an international level. Well-integrated and made accessible to all, extracurricular activities and corporate social responsibility programs, on an individual level, increase career opportunities and promote social development in regard to the responsible citizenship agenda of higher education.
Design and Analysis of Optical Planar Waveguide by Tapering Approach for Mid-infrared Supercontinuum Generation
(CIU Journal, 2020-12-01) M R Karim1, Nayem Al Kayed2, Md. Rabiul Hossain3, Golap Kanti Dey4
Varying dispersion and nonlinearity by tapering the thickness of a planar waveguide along the pulse propagation direction instead of keeping it uniform, create an opportunity to extend the supercontinuum spectral coverage further into the mid-infrared region. In this work, we numerically proposed a 5-mm-long group-velocity dispersion tailored silicon-rich nitride tapered waveguide for wideband supercontinuum coverage in the mid-infrared. Applying 50 fs FWHM sech pulses at the center of 1.55 µm wavelength with a relatively low input power of 50 W, it was possible to achieve supercontinuum coverage from 0.8 µm to 9 µm by our proposed design. Besides, the results obtained using our proposed waveguide show that tapering the geometry enhances the supercontinuum coverage approximately 90% compared to a uniform waveguide of the same length. To the best of our knowledge, this would be the widest spectrum demonstrated ever using the tapered waveguide structure proposed so far. It may enable some spectacular mid-infrared region applications such as spectroscopic measurement, biomedical imaging, optical coherence tomography as well as sensing applications, etc.
Developing a Management Point of View: Case of Education Sector Problems in a Developing country
(CIU Journal, 2023-12-01) Moslehuddin Chowdhury Khaled
This is a case study in the domain of public sector management or management in government, with particular reference to education as a sector as a whole. Bangladesh has shown persistent upward trends in development indicators during the last four decades. In the education sector also, essential quantity indicators like literacy, the female proportion of literacy, number of educational institutions, increased and improved, at all levels - primary, secondary, tertiary, and technical. But qualitative improvement remained mysteriously low, despite government intention to increase quality of teaching, learning, and administration. This paper aimed to draw an overall picture of the prevalent scenario of the education sector. Analyzing secondary sources like public media, and primary sources like citizen interactions, this qualitative study consolidated the problems of the education sector in a coherent whole. Contrary to overstated budget problems, the paper argues that many problems of the education sector are not budget problems. Rather purely and simply 'management' problems, and so, can effectively be solved with basic but thorough understanding of the basic technicalities of management as a discipline.
Does Foreign Direct Investment Stimulate Economic Progress of a Developing Country? Empirical Evidence from Bangladesh
(CIU Journal, 2018-12-01) Emon Kalyan Chowdhury¹
This study attempts to throw light on the impact of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) on the Economic Growth (EG) of Bangladesh. Augmented Dickey Fuller unit root test is applied to test the data stationarity of time series data from 1975 to 2015. Johansen Cointegration Model shows that both FDI and economic growth are co-integrated. Vector Error Correction Model indicates that economic growth depends on FDI in the long-run, whereas no short-run causality is found through Wald test. Granger Causality test suggests that FDI and EG have bidirectional relation and cause each other.
Dynamics and Structural Breaks in Tourist Arrivals in Australia
(CIU Journal, 2018-12-01) Khorshed Chowdhury !
This paper analyses the effects of the real exchange rate and world income on aggregate international tourism in Australia. This study uses Auto Regressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) modelling to develop a dynamic structure of tourism demand. Using monthly post-float data from 1984:01 to 2015:01, it has been found that a 1 % real appreciation of the Australian dollar reduces tourist arriv-als by 1.23 % while a 1 % rise in world income increases tourist arrivals by 2.26 % in the long-run. The deviation from the long-run equilibrium is correct-ed by nearly 9 % over a month. One of the endogenously determined structural break dates was negative and statistically significant indicating non-linearity in the Australian aggregate tourist demand function.